I don't want to spoil much of the plot of Nexus: TJI, but the story is basically continueation of what would happen if SHODAN won at Citadel Station.

Also the A.I.M. series of games, actually I can't think of games that are more philosophical than artificial intelligence searching for their origins of existence and work to the next step in their evolution.

Omikron: The Nomad Soul
http://www.gog.com/game/omikron_the_nomad_soul

Bioshock
Bioshock 2
Bioshock Infinite

Fallout - underground vaults with water purification chips, yours malfunctions and you must go find a replacement, and lots of other tech-sided elements. (nuclear holocaust, mutant experiments, etc.)

UnderRail - humans have wasted the earth and now must dwell underground, with all sorts of technology and implications of our current path of living (destruction, waste, pollution, etc.)

STASIS - super-tech ship with a super-tech company in control and things go badly because: technology!

The Longest Journey - an amazing story of a world of science and technology and a world of magic and mystery that co-exist in separate realities but start to "slip" into each other. commentary on how technology affects nature

Arcanum - THE ultimate story+world of technology vs. magick. Magick is ancient and established, but technology is just starting to come into favor and the implications are huge (and which one you favor factors largely into how the game plays.)

Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender - another game where the "natural" elements and "technological" elements co-exist in a weird juxtaposition. Lots of technological implications in this game, and the main piece of the game is a piece of technology: the GENDER BENDER. Guess what it does?

Primordia: Takes place after humans have destroyed each other through war and are only outlived by their technological creations, robots

Resonance: New invention can be used as powerful super dangerous weapon which is obviously not good

A New Beginning: Central theme of this sci-fi time travel story is what happens to the planet if humans don't get on alternative energies, in this case a nuclear reactor starting a chain reaction that wreaks total havoc

The Moment of Silence: Big Brother is watching you sci-fi theme. And one funny techno-critical scene is when you try to enter the office building for the first time and have to deal with the receptionist A.I. (edit: actually, it's more annoying than funny...)

The X Series (available on GOG).

DooM - teleportation experiment gone wrong.
Quake - slipgate gone wrong.

GOG, I'm disappointed.

No one has mentioned the Fallout series ?

The Fallout series.
The real one (Fallout 1,2,Tactics and New Vegas).

Invisible Inc. is a cyberpunk tactical strategy. Unfortunately, its primary mechanic is a death spiral, but I like it anyway.

And I second Technobabylon. I don't like the fluff part of the plot all that much, but the puzzles are really excellent -- they require you to actually understand the [fictional] technology to hack / repair / abuse / otherwise mess with it. AI, cloning, genetic engineering, VR, robots, lasers, the whole package.

@Nirth,
The Swapper more than qualifies. I definitely have to check out your other recommendations aswell. Thank you!

@Charon121,
yes, I think this comes close enough. Thanks.

@Strijkbout,
a rogue A.I. is always „good“. Personally, I think this is more likely than a nuclear war / fallout. Thank you for the clarification.

@Spectre,
I probably opened the game page more than a couple of dozen times in the last few years, but it is always hard to judge a game from the „outside“. I trust your recommendation, thank you.

@mikropotato,
Bioshock fits this setting almost perfectly, BUT I just can not connect to it and it really bugs me that I don't understand why (surely not your fault, so thank you).

@drealmer7,
both Fallout and UnderRail have tech-critical elements in them, it's just that for me it somehow starts with the end. I mean, how much worse can things get? It's some kind of worst case scenario to warn everyone what could eventually happen. But for me it's not very controversial or thought-provoking.

STASIS is very good, yes. Your other suggestions I have yet to examine (Thanks!). The Gender Bender is perhaps the next huge step in masturbation, after on-demand-porn, am I right?

@awalterj,
especially the last recommendation sounds very intriguing to me. I would have never considered this. Thanks a lot!

@Sachys,
thanks for the suggestion. I don't know the X series - but is a malfunctioning system (e.g. FTL-engines that take you to the wrong place) inside of a much bigger system (e.g. humankind colonizing the universe) a good enough reason against technology? It could very well just be an opportunity for another - better, faster, stronger - technology to appear. What kind of critical implications does this game make?

@Lin545,
the Classics.

@Gonen32, sunshinecorp,
drealmer7 did mention Fallout. I put a list of all the games mentioned thus far in the OP.

@Starmaker,
I'll check this one out too, thanks.

Bioforge
Fallout
Hitman: Codename 47
Shadowrun: Hong Kong
S.T.A.L.K.E.R. games
The Chaos Engine

Gonen, I'm disappointed.

No one has taught you to read? (all in fun! not trying to be a dick!)

http://www.gog.com/forum/general/games_with_technologycritical_elements/post19
NV does not belong here. Not even close.

NV was a great Fallout game. Sure, not as good as 1 or 2, but much of the same creative team designed it, and they did a good work. Opposed to F3, which sucked balls as a Fallout game. Both have an awful engine, but that's just Bethesda's fault. At least NV tries to do something with it.

Hmmm, there's lots of ethical dilemmas in the Fallout games and I find them very thought provoking, but, I understand what you're going for.

How much worse can it get? You mean like mutants taking over? Or divisive factions STILL not learning to put aside differences and work together because that is the only way to not destroy each other and the precious earth?
Ehhhh. I found it utterly boring, dull, predictable, non-imaginitive, etc. To me, it was mediocre at best and doesn't even enter the mind when people ask for "good RPGs." Add to that that it is Fallout stuff with soooo much potential, and it shits the bed even more. I was utterly disappointed and can't even think of a single redeeming quality except that I was able to re-sell my CE for much more than I paid for it.